Tailoring antitrust corrective measures: compliance programs and effective enforcement in Peru
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Objective: to analyse the effectiveness of corrective measures imposed by Indecopi in cartel cases in Peru, focusing on the implementation of mandatory compliance programs.
Method: this qualitative study is based on the review of landmark Indecopi cartel decisions, a normative analysis of the Peruvian legal framework, and a comparison with guidance and practices adopted by international organisations and competition authorities, especially the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Competition Network (ICN), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Case selection focused on representative decisions involving different sectors and firms of different sizes.
Results: the analysis shows that current corrective measures often lack proportionality and effectiveness because they tend to replicate standardised compliance programs that are insufficiently sensitive to the specific infringement, the economic size of the firms involved, and the real conditions of implementation.
Conclusions: compliance programs can be valuable instruments for restoring competition and preventing recidivism, but their effectiveness depends on proportional design and adequate supervision. In Peru, the uniform imposition of compliance obligations, without taking into account firms’ capabilities, especially those of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), weakens the preventive purpose of the remedy. Alternatives such as internal training, firm-size-adjusted monitoring solutions, and mechanisms that preserve the independence of compliance officers may produce better outcomes.
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Referências
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